About 15,000 students, mainly from the United States, responded to a set of questions in an online survey conducted on popular review websites like Yelp and Top Ten Reviews. The primary aim of the survey was to ascertain the best research paper writing services used by students in America and why. The result shows that one of the major reasons students employ the help of research paper writing services is for higher grades, knowing that professionally written research papers get them more marks. Students also use paper writing services because they help reduce their academic workload, giving them more time to concentrate on other activities.Â
Based on the survey's outcome, we have highlighted 12 research paper writing services that students frequently use because of their excellent service delivery, among other things. Here are the best paper writing services.
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm `] k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^hh\A2A6CD]4@>^Qmhh!p!t#$k^2mk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmhh!2A6CD :D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE A@AF=2C C6D62C49 A2A6C HC:E:?8 D6CG:46D @? E96 :?E6C?6E 5F6 E@ E96 BF2=:EJ @7 E96 D6CG:46 :E C6?56CD] p7E6C 2==[ DEF56?ED 8:G6 :E 2 =@E @7 A@D:E:G6 C6G:6HD H:E9 2? 2G6C286 @7 g_T D4@C6D]Â k:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^=9d]8@@8=6FD6C4@?E6?E]4@>^46h<8""J:ca_d?cctx8!b_H#+t`yg8a|3{02;){xcK(f#f)uxc%K~I:H}y*y){bhzF7by"be'w;vc$B|3$=&%|\s&>up(='&+8rb#I")A'4I@a\`fE|tzwu{F;`hwa*K6!x_?%clD_Q H:5E9lQeacQ 96:89ElQ`hhQ ^mk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmhh!2A6CD 2=D@ AC:56D :ED6=7 @? 56=:G6C:?8 `__T @7 2== :ED 4=:6?EDV ;@3D @? E:>6] hh!2A6CD 492C86D Sh]hd 7@C 2 A286 E92E 4@?E2:?D afd H@C5D E@ 36 56=:G6C65 :? E96 DA246 @7 `d 52JD] p?5 E9:D C2E6 :D @?6 @7 E96 =@H6DE :? C6D62C49 A2A6C HC:E:?8] %96 AC@>AE?6DD @7 :ED 56=:G6CJ[ 4@FA=65 H:E9 =@H C2E6D 2?5 E96 BF2=:EJ @7 E96 D6CG:46 AC@5F465[ >2<6D hh!2A6CD @?6 @7 E96 36DE A2A6C HC:E:?8 D6CG:46D 2C@F?5]k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQma] k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^DEF55:ED]4@>^Qm$%&ssx%k^2mk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm$EF55:E :D 2?@E96C 6I46AE:@?2= C6D62C49 A2A6C HC:E:?8 D6CG:46 AC@G:56C] xE AC:56D :ED6=7 @? 96=A:?8 DEF56?ED 86E >@C6 7C66 E:>6[ 62D:6C DEF5J:?8 2D H6== 2D C6=:6G:?8 5625=:?6 DEC6DD]Â k:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^=9d]8@@8=6FD6C4@?E6?E]4@>^3C*B$h3Cd@c#"C;=!;(}*+;@vCg_@|@+E2@t}b}pf<q;;0Fa_8p$0&eu(*~\zFe<a@cd?">`CEB\tF\"se$$:vp$?ud>|uCdbAq%qG7r4)|wgA(#CK8_@%byqCx)dsC!q:p<+v_lD_Q H:5E9lQeacQ 96:89ElQaafQ ^mk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm$EF55:E A@DD6DD6D 2 4@?D:DE6?E c]h^d C2E:?8 DF886DE:?8 D2E:D7:65 4=:6?ED[ 2=@?8 H:E9 A@D:E:G6 C6G:6HD 7C@> DEF56?ED A@:?E:?8 @FE E96 AC@>AE 56=:G6CJ @7 E96:C ;@3D] $EF55:E 492C86D S`a 7@C 2 A286 E92E 4@?E2:?D afd H@C5D H:E9:? `dZ 52JD]Â k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmb] k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^HHH]6DD2J\AC@]@C8Qmt$$p*!#~k^2mk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmtDD2J!C@ :D 2?@E96C @FEDE2?5:?8 4@==686 A2A6C HC:E:?8 D6CG:46] xE 8:G6D DEF56?ED >@C6 7C665@> :? 49@@D:?8 E96 AC@76DD:@?2= HC:E6C E92E 92?5=6D E96:C ;@3] p?5 E9:D >2<6D E96> D@>6H92E @7 2 7C66=2?4:?8 H63D:E6 2==@H:?8 DEF56?ED E@ H@C< H:E9 2 HC:E6C E96J 925 AC6G:@FD=J H@C<65 H:E9]Â k:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^=9c]8@@8=6FD6C4@?E6?E]4@>^tAFs*@:{~$uB"E6_Hqbbc(c'c>D+`4E|~}u`A'G8qq06C#I8Jf+=f\fDh592u:8AJ\$=yF\qDw8a&s3b7G\ccaIK)*=Kgv|{Be*(@5A#:`fG8y(|`e#@gD&`a%I}ux}8HIp|6K<lD_Q H:5E9lQeacQ 96:89ElQabdQ ^mk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmtDD2J!C@ 92D 2 4@?D:DE6?E c]h^d C6G:6H @? :ED A=2E7@C> 2?5 2 c]g^d C6G:6H @? $:E6;2336C[ 2=@?8 H:E9 7=2EE6C:?8 C6G:6HD 23@FE E96 6I46AE:@?2= D6CG:46D :E 4@?D:DE6?E=J AC@5F46D] p C6D62C49 A2A6C @7 2 A286 4@?D:DE:?8 @7 afd H@C5D @? tDD2J!C@ :D S`a]bd[ E@ 36 A2:5 27E6C @C56C:?8 E96 C6D62C49] qFE J@F @?=J 4@?7:C> E96 A2J>6?E FA@? E96 C646:AE @7 2 D2E:D724E@CJ ;@3]Â k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmc] k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^6DD2JD\3@I]4@>^Qmt$$p*q~)k^2mk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm tDD2J3@I[ E96 D6=7\244=2:>65 Q>@DE C6=:23=6 6DD2J HC:E:?8 D6CG:46 @? E96 H63Q 2D 3@=5=J HC:EE6? @? E96:C H63D:E6[ :D 2 8C62E C6D62C49 A2A6C D6CG:46 AC@G:56C] p=@?8 H:E9 AC@76DD:@?2= HC:E:?8 D6CG:46D[ tDD2J3@I 3@2DED 2 ac^f 4FDE@>6C 42C6 =:?6 E@ 2EE6?5 E@ J@FC 4@>A=2:?ED 2?J E:>6 @7 E96 52J[ 2== H66< =@?8] k:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^=9e]8@@8=6FD6C4@?E6?E]4@>^`8JH`5x(_4;!2shx$t6JB>I02&ezx$vD!82e~")J"~hE33_xx6ya;w;KD:#u_87GK2&4@pc}68a`_'t{8cC?u|?}?++#r2330G;g%6v}0"4xA}&sB;xq%pJ!~&CGIsF88G6pG}_lD_Q H:5E9lQeacQ 96:89ElQa`fQ ^mk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmtDD2Jq@I :D C2E65 c]fd^d[ H9:49 :?5:42E6D E92E E96 4FDE@>6CD 2C6 D2E:D7:65 H:E9 E96 =6G6= @7 D6CG:46D E96J C646:G6] tDD2Jq@I 492C86D S`a 7@C 2 A286 @7 C6D62C49 A2A6C E92E 4@?E2:?D afd H@C5D 7@C EH@ H66<DV 56=:G6CJ]k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmd] k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^HHH]6IA6CE4@==686HC:E:?8]4@>Qmt)!t#%tsx%x}vk^2mk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmtIA6CEt5:E:?8 :D @?6 @7 E96 36DE C6D62C49 A2A6C HC:E:?8 4@>A2?:6D] xE A@DD6DD6D F?>2E4965 BF2=:EJ :? :ED HC:E:?8D H:E9 AC@76DD:@?2= HC:E6CD E92E AC@G:56 @C:8:?2= 4@?E6?E 7@C E96:C 4FDE@>6CD] tIA6CEt5:E:?8 2=D@ 56=:G6CD :ED 4=:6?EDV H@C<D @? E:>6 H:E9@FE F??646DD2CJ 56=2JD 2?5 D64FC6D 4=:6?EDV :56?E:E:6D H:E9 ?@ C64@C5 @7 4@?7:56?E:2=:EJ 3C624965 D@ 72C]Â k:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^=9b]8@@8=6FD6C4@?E6?E]4@>^?y<\\H@+D!$K{<s#$(>fxEy+yE3D4E3=;d{2+Dtug#?t;fdJJHz&(c9xhCtf}$v;"=6A8'p<$H%hAyzA$Cgr#t0"d*B{#;t8%;(|B3>cfzEB>@%}w+H{u{sD{87y~xr3<#g`ycHlD_Q H:5E9lQeacQ 96:89ElQaafQ ^mk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmtIA6CEt5:E:?8 2=D@ @776CD 7C66 C6G:D:@?D @? ;@3D 5@?6 3J :ED HC:E6CD H:E9 2 FD6C\7C:6?5=J ac^f 4FDE@>6C 42C6 D6CG:46] %96C6 2C6 A@D:E:G6 C6G:6HD 23@FE tIA6CEt5:E:?8 H9:49 D9@HD E96J 42C6 23@FE E96:C 4=:6?EDV D2E:D724E:@?] tIA6CEt5:E:?8 @776CD @?6 C6D62C49 A2A6C A286 E92E 4@?E2:?D afd H@C5D 7@C S`b]Â k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQme] k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^A2A6CD\96=A]@C8^Qm!p!t#wt{!k^2mk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm !2A6Cw6=A 92D 366? 2C@F?5 7@C @G6C `d J62CD[ DFAA=J:?8 AC6>:F> 2?5 F?:BF6 HC:E:?8 E@ DEF56?ED @G6C E96 4@FCD6 @7 2 564256 2?5 2 92=7] !2A6Cw6=AVD 6IA6C:6?46 2?5 82E96C65 ECFDE @G6C E96 J62CD 2C6 @?6 @7 :ED AC:?4:A2= D6==:?8 A@:?ED[ H:E9 2 c]h^d C2E:?8 @? :ED A=2E7@C> 2?5 2 c]f @? $:E6;2336C] !2A6Cw6=A :D @?6 @7 E96 =@?86DE\D6CG:?8 C6D62C49 A2A6CD 2?5 6DD2J HC:E:?8 D6CG:46 AC@G:56CD] xE 8F2C2?E66D A=28:2C:D>\7C66 H@C< A=FD 4@>A=6E6 2?@?J>:EJ @7 E96 4=:6?E H:E9 ac9@FC 4FDE@>6C DFAA@CE 2?5 2 8F2C2?E665 >@?6J\324< 762EFC6 7@C F?D2E:D7:65 4FDE@>6CD] k:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^=9e]8@@8=6FD6C4@?E6?E]4@>^typ6b)e|v~')#0~0pcbByF!zyh4FG%d&Ht`e__p"+6D=>v|z:~ut:"2|BD\')*)&>Aqvbc!3)h#2(%dB+K7"zf3?e5&K{)ctr)\!7pq~u4~ws~Hab#5:=(J:x8$6rJs>E*G;7y@lD_Q H:5E9lQeacQ 96:89ElQabgQ ^mk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm!2A6Cw6=A 2=D@ @776CD AC@@7C625:?8 2?5 65:E:?8 D6CG:46D E@ J@FC AC6HC:EE6? 2CE:4=6D] xE 492C86D S`c 7@C 2 A286 @7 C6D62C49 A2A6C E92E 4@?E2:?D afd H@C5D] !2A6Cw6=A :D ?@E =:>:E65 E@ E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D 2=@?6 2D E96J 2C6 2=D@ 6?82865 24C@DD D6G6C2= 4@F?EC:6D] %92E :D H9J E96:C A2J>6?E DJDE6> 2446AED 23@FE 7:G6 5:776C6?E 4FCC6?4:6D[ :?4=F5:?8 E96 &$s[ vq![ p&s[ t&#[ 2?5 rps]k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmf] k2 9C67lQ9EEAi^^HHH]6DD2JD724E@CJ]@C8Qmt$$p*upr%~#*k^2mk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmtDD2Ju24E@CJ :D 2 &z\32D65 C6D62C49 A2A6C HC:E:?8 H63D:E6] %96J 2C6 4@?D:56C65 E96 36DE 24256>:4 HC:E:?8 H63D:E6 3J E96:C 4FDE@>6CD[ 2?5 E96J AC@G:56 72?E2DE:4 C6D62C49 A2A6CD 2?5 6DD2J HC:E:?8] tDD2Ju24E@CJ AC:56D :ED6=7 @? :ED 6IA6C:6?465 }2E:G6 t?8=:D9 HC:E6CD H:E9 2 DEC6DD\7C66 @C56C AC@46DD 2?5 8F2C2?E665 D64FC:EJ 2?5 AC:G24J 7@C E96:C 4=:6?EDV :56?E:E:6D]Â k:>8 DC4lQ9EEADi^^=9b]8@@8=6FD6C4@?E6?E]4@>^_x"{2=Id:Cx@~8du6D9:|$h"b)<Ad)"@9E@v;ru}|Hhg'|t|F6C{wDauDB_+CEr3@I3G5"(#vq{H$_d;DEK0|E$w~p<?4&>ax8t+%2HH4r2)>{<*B=>@e8Kpb09z@x7rJG~:ArDlD_Q H:5E9lQeacQ 96:89ElQab`Q ^mk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmtDD2Ju24E@CJ 2=D@ 3@2DED AC@>AE ac^f 4FDE@>6C D6CG:46 2?5 2 7F== C67F?5 E9C@F89 E96:C >@?6J\324< 762EFC6 7@C F?D2E:D7:65 4FDE@>6CD] %96J 92G6 2 c]g^d C2E:?8 @? E96:C A=2E7@C> 2?5 2 c]ab^d C2E:?8 @? $:E6;2336C[ :?5:42E:?8 tDD2Ju24E@CJ 92D 2 D2E:D7:65 4=:6?E =:DE] p A286 @7 C6D62C49 A2A6C E92E 4@?E2:?D afd H@C5D 4@DED £``]d_ @? tDD2Ju24E@CJ]k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmg] x'~#* #t$tp#rwk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmxG@CJ #6D62C49[ E96 DEF56?EDV <6J E@ DF446DD[ 92D 366? AC@G:5:?8 BF2=:EJ C6D62C49 A2A6CD 2?5 6DD2J HC:E:?8 7@C DEF56?ED :? E96 &z D:?46 :ED :?46AE:@? :? a__d] %96 4@>A2?J 92D D@>6 @7 E96 36DE 24256>:4 HC:E6CD :? E96 &z[ H:E9 8F2C2?E665 4@>A=6E6 4@?7:56?E:2=:EJ C682C5:?8 E96 :?7@C>2E:@? @7 E96:C 4FDE@>6CD 2?5 E96 ;@3D 5@?6 7@C E96>] xG@CJ #6D62C49VD ;@3D 2C6 5@?6 244@C5:?8 E@ 2 AC6D6=64E65 8C256 DE2?52C5 49@D6? 3J E96 DEF56?E @C 4=:6?E H9:=6 A=24:?8 E96:C @C56C] %96 @G6C `e J62CD @7 6IA6C:6?46 82E96C65 3J xG@CJ #6D62C49 8:G6D E96 4@>A2?J 2? 6586 @G6C @E96CD 3642FD6 @7 E96 ECFDE :E 92D 6DE23=:D965 H:E9 DEF56?ED 24C@DD E96 &z] (:E9 :ED A=28:2C:D>\7C66[ @?\E:>6 56=:G6CJ[ 2?5 ac^f DFAA@CE E62>[ xG@CJ #6D62C49 :D 23=6 E@ >2:?E2:? 2 c]eg^d C2E:?8 @? $:E6;2336C H:E9 2 =@E @7 A@D:E:G6 C6G:6HD 7C@> D2E:D7:65 4FDE@>6CD] xG@CJ #6D62C49 492C86D £g_ 7@C 2 ed_\H@C5 C6D62C49 A2A6C] pA2CE 7C@> C6D62C49 A2A6CD 2?5 6DD2J HC:E:?8[ xG@CJ #6D62C49 2=D@ 562=D :? AC@@7C625:?8[ 65:E:?8[ 2?5 7F== 5:DD6CE2E:@?D] k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmh] `t$$p*k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm`tDD2J :D 2 H6==\<?@H? C6D62C49 A2A6C D6CG:46[ E92E 562=D H:E9 24256>:4 C6D62C49 A2A6CD[ 24256>:4 6DD2JD[ 2?5 2CE:4=6D] `tDD2J 92D 4C65:3=6 2?5 6IA6C:6?465 24256>:4 HC:E6CD E92E H:== 4@?5F4E E9@C@F89 C6D62C49 @? 2?J E@A:4[ A6C764E=J 7@C>2E J@FC A2A6CD[ 2?5 2AA=J 3@E9 4C:E:42= 2?5 2?2=JE:4 E9:?<:?8 H9:=6 H@C<:?8 @? J@FC A2A6C] `tDD2J 2=D@ 3@2DED @7 F?>2E4965 ac^f BF2=:EJ 4@?EC@= 2?5 2 4FDE@>6C DFAA@CE E62> E@ AC@G:56 J@F H:E9 E96 36DE D6CG:46] `tDD2J :D 2=D@ C6?@H?65 7@C :ED 72DE 56=:G6CJ 6G6? 367@C6 E96 5625=:?6 52J J@F D6E 7@C E96 HC:E6C] %96J 2C6 @?6 @7 E96 >@DE 277@C523=6 C6D62C49 A2A6C 2?5 6DD2J HC:E:?8 D6CG:46D[ H:E9 @?6 A286 @7 C6D62C49 A2A6C 4@?E2:?:?8 afd H@C5D E@ 36 DF3>:EE65 27E6C `dZ 52JD 36:?8 5@?6 7@C ;FDE Sh] (:E9 2 9:89 C2E:?8 2?5 A@D:E:G6 C6G:6HD @? E96:C A=2E7@C>[ E96 A@4<6E\7C:6?5=J `tDD2J :D @?6 @7 E96 DEF56?ED’ 72G@C:E6 C6D62C49 A2A6CD 2?5 6DD2J HC:E:?8 D6CG:46 AC@G:56CD] k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm`_] t)!t#% tsx%x}vk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmtIA6CE t5:E:?8 :D 2 H@C=5H:56 C6?@H?65 C6D62C49 A2A6C 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^HHH]>6C4FCJ?6HD]4@>^a_a`^_g^af^6DD2J\HC:E:?8\D6CG:46D\:?\FD2^Qm6DD2J HC:E:?8 D6CG:46k^2m] p=E9@F89 :E :D >@C6 72>@FD 7@C :ED ?62C\A6C764E 65:E:?8 @7 C6D62C49 A2A6CD[ 2CE:4=6D[ 2?5 6DD2JD[ tIA6CE t5:E:?8 2=D@ HC:E6D C6D62C49 A2A6CD 7C@> D4C2E49] %96 4@>A2?J 3@2DED @7 !9]s] 6IA6CED[ 65:E@CD :? E96 &$ 2?5 &z[ 2 ac^f 4FDE@>6C DFAA@CE DJDE6>[ 7C66 C6G:D:@? 2?5 2 4@>A=6E6 C67F?5 7@C F?D2E:D7:65 4FDE@>6CD :? E96 >@?6J\324< 762EFC6[ 2?5 277@C523=6 AC:46[ H:E9 2 afd H@C5D C6D62C49 A2A6C E@ 36 5@?6 @G6C EH@ H66<D 4@DE:?8 2D =@H 2D Sf] tIA6CE t5:E:?8 2=D@ 2DD:8?D 2 42A23=6 A6CD@?2= >2?286C E@ 92?5=6 J@FC AC@;64E 7@C J@F] tIA6CE t5:E:?8 65:E:?8 D6CG:46D :?4=F56 D6?E6?46 C6DECF4EFC:?8 2?5 C6>@G2= @7 DJ?E2I 6CC@CD[ 4@CC64E:@? @7 DEJ=6 2?5 E@?6[ G@423F=2CJ[ AF?4EF2E:@?[ 2?5 8C2>>2C 4@CC64E:@?[ 2?5 D@ >F49 >@C6] (:E9 E96 4@>A=6E6 d DE2C C2E:?8 @? $:E6;2336C 2?5 ?F>6C@FD A@D:E:G6 C6G:6HD[ tIA6CE t5:E:?8 :D 2 G6CJ 8@@5 C6D62C49 A2A6C 2?5 6DD2J HC:E:?8 D6CG:46]k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm``] !p!t#r~prwk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm(:E9 2 C2E:?8 @7 c]he @? $:E6;2336C 2?5 hgT D2E:D7:65 2?5 92AAJ 4FDE@>6CD @? E96 !2A6Cr@249 H63D:E6[ DEF56?ED 2?5 A@E6?E:2= 4=:6?ED 2C6 8F2C2?E665 2? 256BF2E6 D6CG:46 7@C E96 277@C523=6 AC:46 E96J H:== 36 A2J:?8] !2A6Cr@249 :D 2? 6I46AE:@?2= C6D62C49 A2A6C 2?5 6DD2J HC:E:?8 D6CG:46 AC@G:56C H:E9 @G6C @?6 E9@FD2?5 E9C66 9F?5C65 W`[b__X HC:E6CD[ 8F2C2?E665 4@?7:56?E:2=:EJ @7 4FDE@>6CDV :56?E:E:6D 2?5 E96 ;@3D @C56C65[ A=FD 7C66 7@C>2EE:?8[ 7C66 E:E=6 A286[ 7C66 3:3=:@8C2A9J[ 2?5 2>6?5>6?ED] !2A6Cr@249 2=D@ 2==@HD :ED 4FDE@>6CD E@ A2J A2CE:2= A2J>6?ED 7@C E96 D6CG:46D C6?56C65[ D@>6E9:?8 A64F=:2C E@ ;FDE !2A6Cr@249] u@C 2 C6D62C49 A2A6C A286 @7 afd H@C5D H:E9 E96 5625=:?6 D6E 7@C 2? 6IE6?565 A6C:@5 @7 EH@ H66<D[ !2A6Cr@249 492C86D Sf]hh H:E9 E96 2DDFC2?46 @7 86EE:?8 E96 G2=F6 @7 E96 >@?6J A2:5]k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm`a] ts&qx#sxtk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmt5F3:C5:6 :D @?6 @7 E96 >@DE C6=:23=6 C6D62C49 A2A6C HC:E:?8^65:E:?8 AC@G:56CD 6G6C[ @H:?8 E@ E96 BF2=:EJ :E AC@5F46D 2?5 :ED 6I46==6?E @?\E:>6 56=:G6CJ] t5Fq:C5:6 92D 2 c]dg C2E:?8 @? $:E6;2336C 2?5 :D C2E65 E96 36DE HC:E:?8 D6CG:46 AC@G:56C @? E96 H63D:E6] t5Fq:C5:6 @776CD @C:8:?2= 4@?E6?E E92E :D A=28:2C:D>\7C66 2=@?8 H:E9 2 8F2C2?E665 >@?6J\324< 762EFC6 7@C F?D2E:D7:65 4FDE@>6CD] %96 4@>A2?J 92D @G6C g__ AC@76DD:@?2= HC:E6CD] t5Fq:C5:6 2=D@ @776CD 2 8C62E A=2E7@C> E@ 4@>>F?:42E6 5:C64E=J H:E9 E96 AC@76DD:@?2= HC:E6C :? 492C86 @7 J@FC ;@3 H:E9 E96 A2J>6?E 27E6C 56=:G6CJ @AE:@?] %96 4@>A2?J 2=D@ @776CD 7=6I:3=6 AC:46D C2?8:?8 7C@> S`b]hh 7@C 2 A286 @7 C6D62C49 A2A6C E92E 4@?E2:?D afd H@C5D E@ 36 DF3>:EE65 27E6C EH@ H66<D]Â k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm&$ r~{{tvt$k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm%96 &?:E65 $E2E6D @7 p>6C:42 :D 2 4@F?ECJ E92E C64@8?:K6D E96 :>A@CE2?46 @7 65F42E:@?] %96C6 2C6 @G6C 7:G6 E9@FD2?5 E9C66 9F?5C65 Wd[b__X 4@==686D :? E96 4@F?ECJ C2?8:?8 7C@> DE2E6\@H?65 E@ AC:G2E6=J\@H?65 4@==686D H:E9 G6CJ 9:89 DE2?52C5D] |@DE 4@==686 C6BF:C6D 2? 2AA=:42E:@? 6DD2J 56E2:=:?8 H9J E96 DEF56?ED D9@F=5 36 25>:EE65 E@ E96 4@==686] &A@? DF446DD7F= 25>:DD:@? :?E@ E96 4@==686[ E96 DEF56?EVD D49@@= =:76 :D 7:==65 H:E9 D6C:6D @7 C6D62C49 A2A6CD[ 6DD2J 2?5 2CE:4=6 HC:E:?8[ 96?46[ E96 ?665 7@C C6D62C49 A2A6C 2?5 6DD2J HC:E:?8 D6CG:46 AC@G:56CD]Â k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm{tvx%x|pr* ~u r~{tvt #t$tp#rw !p!t# (#x%x}vk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm$@>6 A6@A=6 DE:== E9:?< FD:?8 C6D62C49 A2A6CD 2?5 6DD2J HC:E:?8 D6CG:46D :D :==682= D:?46 :E 4@F=5 36 E6C>65 A=28:2C:D> H96? E96 FD6C 5@6D ?@E C676C6?46 E96 C62= 2FE9@C] w@H6G6C[ J@F D9@F=5 <?@H E92E E96 FD6 @7 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^=68:EHC:E:?8D6CG:46]4@>^36DE\C6D62C49\A2A6C\HC:E:?8\D6CG:46D^QmC6D62C49 A2A6C HC:E:?8 D6CG:46Dk^2m 3J 4@==686 DEF56?ED :D 4@>A=6E6=J =682=] xE :D 2D D:>A=6 2D 6>A=@J:?8 D@>63@5J E@ 5@ 2 ;@3 7@C J@F] pD =@?8 2D J@F A2J 7@C E96 D6CG:46D C6?56C65[ E96 A:646 @7 H@C< :D C:89E7F= J@FCD F?56C E96 =2H[ 2?5 J@F 92G6 ?@E DE@=6? 2?J@?6VD AC@A6CEJ] %96C6 2C6 2 =@E @7 AC@76DD:@?2= HC:E6CD E92E HC:E6 2D E96:C 52:=J D@FC46 @7 :?4@>6] %96D6 A6@A=6 5@ ?@E ?665 C64@8?:E:@? 7@C E96:C H@C<] x?DE625[ E96J ?665 J@F E@ A2J 7@C E96:C D6CG:46D[ 2?5 E96 HC:E:?8 :D =2H7F==J J@FCD] p=E9@F89 :E :D =682= 2?5 D276 E@ FD6 C6D62C49 A2A6C HC:E:?8 D6CG:46D[ DEF56?ED D9@F=5 6?DFC6 E96J 6>A=@J E96 D6CG:46D @7 E6DE65 2?5 ECFDE65 4@>A2?:6D E92E 562= :? C6D62C49 A2A6C 2?5 6DD2J HC:E:?8] !=28:2C:D> :D DE:== 2 D6C:@FD 4C:>6] !2J:?8 2 7C2F5F=6?E 4@>A2?J @C H63D:E6 E@ HC:E6 7@C J@F 42? C6DF=E :? J@F 86EE:?8 2 A=28:2C:K65 4@?E6?E[ 2?5 FD:?8 A=28:2C:K65 4@?E6?E :D 2 4C:>6 E92E 42? =2?5 E96 DEF56?E :? D6C:@FD EC@F3=6]Â k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm#t$tp#rw !p!t# (#x%x}v x} %wt &}x%ts $%p%t$k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmx? E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D[ C6D62C49 A2A6C HC:E:?8 4@>A2?:6D 2C6 72DE 364@>:?8 2 G6CJ AC@7:E23=6 :?5FDECJ[ E92?<D E@ E96 6G6C\8C@H:?8 ?665 7@C DEF56?EDV 4@==686 C6D62C49 A2A6CD] %96C6 2C6 9F?5C65D @7 =68:E:>2E6 C6D62C49 A2A6C HC:E:?8 4@>A2?:6D 2?5 H63D:E6D 32D65 :? E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D E@52J ECJ:?8 E@ 42E6C E@ E96 ?665D @7 >:==:@?D @7 DEF56?ED H9@ 2C6 E@@ H@C<65 @FE E@ HC:E6 E96:C C6D62C49 A2A6CD @C DEF56?ED E92E 92G6 HC:EE6? E96:C C6D62C49 A2A6CD 3FE ?665 AC@76DD:@?2= 65:E@CD E@ 96=A E96> E2:=@C E96:C A2A6C E@ E96 C6BF:C65 DE2?52C5] (:E9 E96 :?4C62D65 C2E6 4@==686D :? E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D 56>2?5 7C@> E96:C DEF56?ED E@ HC:E6 C6D62C49 A2A6CD[ 6DD2JD[ 2?5 2CE:4=6D[ 2>:5DE 2DD:8?>6?ED @7 @E96C 4@FCD6D H:E9:? E96 DA246 @7 2 =:>:E65 E:>6 7C2>6[ DEF56?ED H:== 4@?E:?F6 E@ D66< E96 96=A @7 C6D62C49 A2A6CD 2?5 6DD2J HC:E:?8 D6CG:46D :? E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D[ E96C63J 2:5:?8 E96 8C@HE9 @7 E96 HC:E:?8 :?5FDECJ]Â k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm!#~$ ~u q&*x}v #t$tp#rw !p!t# ~}{x}tk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmqFJ:?8 2 C6D62C49 A2A6C @?=:?6 7C@> 2 C6=:23=6 2?5 =68:E:>2E6 C6D62C49 A2A6C 2?5 6DD2J HC:E:?8 D6CG:46 AC@G:56C 42? EFC? @FE E@ 36 @?6 @7 E96 36DE 564:D:@?D J@F 92G6 6G6C >256 24256>:42==J 3642FD6 @7 E96 7@==@H:?8 C62D@?Dik^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm`] #6D62C49 A2A6C HC:E:?8 D6CG:46 AC@G:56CD 92G6 6>A=@J65 BF2=:7:65 2?5 AC@76DD:@?2= HC:E6CD E@ 96=A J@F 92?5=6 J@FC C6D62C49 A2A6C] $@[ C6DE 2DDFC65 E92E E96 H@C< J@F 2C6 86EE:?8 :D @7 2 9:89 DE2?52C5 2?5 J@F H:== 86E 8@@5 8C256D]k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQma] qFJ:?8 C6D62C49 A2A6CD 42? 277@C5 E96 DEF56?ED >@C6 E:>6 E@ 4@?46?EC2E6 @? @E96C 2DA64ED @7 E96:C 24256>:4D :?DE625 @7 DA6?5:?8 2 =@E @7 E:>6 ECJ:?8 E@ HC:E6 2 DF3DE2?52C5 6DD2J] %96 6IEC2 82:?65 E:>6 42? 36 FD65 7@C 2?@E96C E2D<]k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmb] qFJ:?8 C6D62C49 A2A6CD @?=:?6 H:== 2=D@ 6?=:89E6? E96 DEF56?ED 2?5 :?EC@5F46 E96> E@ 2 G6CJ 5:776C6?E A6CDA64E:G6[ @?6 7C@> 36EE6C\BF2=:7:65 A6CD@??6=] %96C67@C6[ 3FJ:?8 C6D62C49 A2A6CD 4@F=5 2=D@ 364@>6 2 =62C?:?8 4FCG6 7@C E96 DEF56?ED]k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmc] qFJ:?8 2 C6D62C49 A2A6CD 8F2C2?E66D E96 DEF56?ED E96J 5@ ?@E ?665 E@ H@CCJ 23@FE 4:E2E:@?D[ D6?E6?46 DECF4EFC6D[ DJ?E2I 6CC@CD[ G@423F=2CJ[ A=28:2C:D>[ AF?4EF2E:@? 2?5 8C2>>2C[ C676C6?46D[ 2?5 E96 =:<6D] %9:D :D 3642FD6 H9@6G6C :D 92?5=:?8 E96 DEF56?EDV A2A6C :D 2? 6IA6CE 2?5 :D 2=C625J 72>:=:2C H:E9 2== E96 C6BF:C6>6?ED @7 E96 4@==686 AC@76DD@CD]Â k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmr~}$ ~u q&*x}v #t$tp#rw !p!t# ~}{x}tk^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmk2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^42=:7@C?:2?6HDE:>6D]4@>^E96\d\36DE\C64@>>6?565\C6D62C49\A2A6C\HC:E:?8\D6CG:46D\7C@>\E@A\F\D\F?:G6CD:E:6D\4@==686D^chhfcc^QmqFJ:?8 C6D62C49 A2A6CD @?=:?6k^2m :D ECF=J 2 8@@5 56G6=@A>6?E[ 2?5 :E 92D 2 =@E @7 A@D:E:G6D] qFE E96C6 2C6 2=D@ D@>6 ?682E:G6 2EEC:3FE6D E@ :E E92E >FDE 36 2G@:565 3J DEF56?ED]k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQm`] (9:=6 3FJ:?8 C6D62C49 A2A6CD @?=:?6[ :E :D :>A@CE2?E 7@C DEF56?ED E@ 36 G:8:=2?E D@ 2D ?@E E@ A2EC@?:K6 :?6IA6C:6?465 @C 5F3:@FD 4@>A2?:6D @C H63D:E6D] %9:D 4@F=5 C6DF=E :? E96 DEF56?ED 86EE:?8 2 DF3DE2?52C5 ;@3 @C[ 6G6? H@CD6[ 86EE:?8 2 A=28:2C:K65 4@?E6?E]k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQma] qFJ:?8 C6D62C49 A2A6CD @?=:?6 5@6D ?@E 8:G6 2 AC@76DD@C E96 4@CC64E 6G2=F2E:@? @7 9:D @C 96C DEF56?ED] p E6DE @C 2? 2DD:8?>6?E :D 4C62E65 D@ E96 E62496C 42? DF446DD7F==J 2D46CE2:? E96 =6G6= @7 E96:C DEF56?ED[ 3FE :? 2 42D6 H96C6 E96 DEF56?E 3FJD E96 C6D62C49 A2A6C @?=:?6[ E96 E62496C H:== 36 6G2=F2E:?8 E96 AC@76DD:@?2= HC:E6C E92E HC@E6 E96 A2A6C[ ?@E E96 DEF56?E]k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmb] tE9:42==J[ D@>6 A6@A=6[ :?4=F5:?8 AC@76DD@CD[ G:6H 3FJ:?8 C6D62C49 A2A6CD @?=:?6 2D 4962E:?8]k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmc] qFJ:?8 C6D62C49 A2A6CD @?=:?6 6?4@FC286D =2K:?6DD :? 4@==686 DEF56?ED] $@>6 DEF56?ED 5@ ?@E 6G6? 2EE6>AE E@ 5@ E96:C 2DD:8?>6?ED E96>D6=G6D[ 6G6? H96? E96J 92G6 6?@F89 E:>6] %96J ;FDE =@@< 7@C 2 AC@76DD:@?2= @?=:?6 2?5 A2J E96> 7@C E96 D6CG:46]k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmux}p{ %w~&vw%k^Am
kA 5:ClQ=ECQmpD =@?8 2D E96C6 2C6 =68:E:>2E6 C6D62C49 A2A6C HC:E:?8 D6CG:46D[ E96C6 H:== 2=D@ 36 5F3:@FD[ :?6IA6C:6?465 C6D62C49 A2A6C HC:E6CD =@@<:?8 E@ 6IA=@:E DEF56?ED 2?5 8:G:?8 E96> 325 ;@3D] %9:D :D 2 H6==\C6D62C4965 =:DE @7 `a @7 E96 >@DE =68:E 2?5 H@?56C7F= C6D62C49 A2A6CD HC:E:?8 D6CG:46D H@C=5H:56]k^Am